Retail Formats
Is the Unmanned Retail Trend Over? A Look at Japan Might Change Your Mind
In 2017, 3 billion yuan was invested in unmanned retail, but by 2018 many startups faced high theft and operating costs. Examining Japan's vending machine history, this article argues that demand for unmanned retail is mature, but success lies with brand owners and niche self-service machines, not retail operators.
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